Spectral Imaging
The ISAAC Research Centre has developed a series of versatile and modular spectral imaging systems that enable automated high spatial resolution imaging from remote distances of tens of metres (80 micron resolution at distance of 10m) to close range imaging in the microscopic mode (a few micron resolution), from hyperspectral to broad band imaging.
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Reflectance spectra can be collected alongside the imaging function, creating the opportunity to compare and identify the materials present- in a heritage context, this is most often used for pigment identification.
Reflectance spectral imaging is an efficient way of collecting millions of reflectance spectra in one image cube (2D spatial and wavelength in the 3rd dimension).
​Automated scanning can be used to collect images and data from a large area, making the technique particularly suited to the analysis of large decorated surfaces such as murals and decorated architectural sites such as churches- these applications are discussed on our Remote Sensing page.
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The spatial and spectral parameters of the ISAAC Lab's spectral imaging systems are shown below.

applications of spectral imaging
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Revealing underdrawings on paintings and drawings using the imaging functionality
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Pigment identification by collection of reflectance spectra during the analysis
isaac instrumentation
Micro-level Spectral Imaging
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System
VIS-NIR hyperspectral imaging
Developer
ISAAC Lab
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Spectral Range
400-1000 nm
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Spectral Resolution
2.8 nm
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Maximum Spatial Resolution
3 µm
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Working
Distance
30 mm
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Service
MOLAB/
FIXLAB
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Close Range Spectral Imaging
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System
Close Range
VIS-NIR Hyperspectral Imaging
VIS-NIR
miniature Hyperspectral imaging
(SPECIM-IQ)
Close-Range SWIR Hyperspectral Imaging
Close-Range VIS-NIR Spectral Imaging (PRISMS)
Mid-Infrared (MIR) Imaging
Developer
ISAAC Lab
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SPECIM
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NEO
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ISAAC Lab
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FLIR
Spectral Range
400- 1000 nm
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400- 1000 nm
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930- 2500 nm
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400- 850 nm
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1500- 5000 nm
Spectral Resolution
2.8 nm
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7 nm
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5.5 nm
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50 nm
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600- 2000 nm
Working
Distance
20 cm
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15- 50 cm
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10 cm
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1.5- 20 m
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1- 3 m
Service
MOLAB/
FIXLAB
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MOLAB/
FIXLAB
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MOLAB/
FIXLAB
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MOLAB/
FIXLAB
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MOLAB/
FIXLAB
Ground- based Remote Imaging
System
Remote VIS-NIR Spectral Imaging​
Remote VIS-NIR Hyperspectral Imaging​​​
Remote SWIR Hyperspectral Imaging​​​​
Developer
ISAAC Lab
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ISAAC Lab
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ISAAC Lab/
Neo
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Spectral Range
400 nm – 850 nm
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400 – 1000 nm
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930 – 2500 nm
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Spectral Resolution
50 nm
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2.8 nm
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5.5 nm
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Maximum Spatial Resolution
60 µrad
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30 µrad
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​45 µrad​​​
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Working
Distance
< 1.5 m
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< 3.5 m
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< 3.5 m
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Service
MOLAB/
FIXLAB​​
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MOLAB/
FIXLAB
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MOLAB/
FIXLAB
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Airborne Remote Spectral Imaging
System
UAV-based VIS/NIR Hyperspectral Imaging + LIDAR system ​
(UAV LIDAR-HSI)
Developer
Headwall
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Spectral Range
400 nm – 1000 nm
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Spectral Resolution
2.2 nm
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Working
Distance
< 10 m
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Service
MOLAB
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Hybrid OCT and Spectral Imaging System
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ISAAC Hybrid OCT System:
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Developer
OCT Depth Resolution (air/polymer)
OCT Transverse Resolution
Working Distance
Spectral Imaging Spectral Range
Spectral Imaging Spectral Resolution
Spectral Imaging Transverse Resolution
Hybrid OCT @ 1350 nm​ &
VIS/NIR Microscopic Spectral Imaging
ISAAC Lab
5 µm / 3.3 µm
10 µm
40 mm
415 nm – 845 nm
10 nm
5 µm
example heritage science projects
selected publications
​This is a selection of our Spectral Imaging publications. Our full publication list can be found here.
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Liggins, F., Vichi, A., Liu, W., Hogg, A., Kogou, S., Chen, J. & Liang, H., 2022.​ Hyperspectral Imaging Solutions for the Non-Invasive Detection and Automated Mapping of Copper Trihydroxychlorides in Ancient Bronze. Heritage Science 10, 142. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00765-8
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Kogou, S., Li, Y., Cheung, S., Han, N., Liggins, F., Shahtahmassebi, G., Thickett, D. and Liang, H. 2025 Ground-Based Remote Sensing and Machine Learning for in Situ and Noninvasive Monitoring and Identification of Salts and Moisture in Historic Buildings. Analytical Chemistry 2025 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c05581
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Kogou, S., Shahtahmassebi, G., Lucian, A., Liang. H, Shui, B., Zhang, W., Su, B. and van Schaik, S. 2020. From remote sensing and machine learning to the history of the Silk Road: large scale material identification on wall paintings. Sci Rep 10, 19312 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76457-9
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Read, M., Cheung, C.S., Ling, D., Korenberg, C., Meek, A., Kogou, S. and Liang, H., 2019. A Non-Invasive Investigation of Limoges Enamels using both Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Spectral Imaging: A Pilot Study. In: H. Liang and R. Groves, eds., Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology Vii. SPIE Optical Metrology, Munich, Germany, 24-27 June 2019. SPIE Proceedings 11058, 1105803 https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2527092
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Wijsman, S., Neate, S., Kogou, S., Liang, H., 2018. Uncovering the Oppenheimer Siddur: using Scientific Analysis to Reveal the Production Process of a Medieval Illuminated Hebrew Manuscript. Heritage Science 6, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-018-0179-0
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Kogou, S., Neate, S., Coveney, C., Miles, A., Boocock, D., Burgio, L., Cheung, C.S. and Liang, H., 2016. The Origins of The Selden Map of China: Scientific Analysis of the Painting Materials and Techniques Using a Holistic Approach. Heritage Science, 4, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-016-0098-x
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